Madhupur Sal forest in Bangladesh

Madhupur Sal forest area was ruled by Palraz Vagodatta. Then the area was ruled  by Ballal Sen .Madhupur and Bhawal Sal  Forests were a continuous  tract of dense forests and the Hindu rulers had very nominal control on the area .It was more or less no mans land . Communication network was also underdeveloped. The need and consumption of timber ws rather insignificant even half a century back. Therefore, forest protection was not  a matter of concern.

Madhupur  tract went to Joyen Shah during Mughal period  and these forests came to be known as “Garh Joyenshahi”

The Garh Joyenshahi was purchased by Maharaja of Natore under the sunset law in 1973 when the was auctioned due to the failures in depositing the government revenue to the

Murshidabad treasury by sunset of the due date.

Meanwhile, partition of British India into to independent countries India and Pakistan, took place in August 1945 .The zamindar being hindu and with his urban base in Calcutta, mentally opted for migration to India . The private forest bill of 1945 became an act in 1949,and with the enforcement of the said act , management of the forest was vested with the government forest department(FD).The East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950 was passed by the government in 1951 and with this, the forest became absolute property of the government.Thus the forest management was sustainable under the private ownership.    The threat of introduction of Private Forest act and the time taken to materialize the same from 1945 to1949,the partition of India in 1947 and passage of East Bengal State Acquisition and Tenancy Act 1950,all acted unfavorably towardsforest conservation and resulted in colossal damage to the forest , leasing out  forest lands hurriedly and surreptitiously.These acts caused land title complications reasons forest destruction in the area.

Madhupur forest area is managed under Tangail Forest Division ,which was under the Mymensingh Forest division.Acording to the government notice no. sec 2 F 36/67/856 Date 21/10/1967,the Tangail Forst Division was established with the forest land.And forest area of Ghatail ,Kalihati,Mirjapur and Shokhipur of Tangail district from Mymensing in 1969. Later according to the government notice no. sha-2/forest/85/88/415  Date:10/8/1988 it came under the control of Madhupur forest Tangail forest division (Patwary ,A.H.2005)

At present near about 1,22,876.90 acres forest land of Ghatail , Kalihati,Mirjapur, Shokhipur and Madhupur Upazila of Tangail is considered under the control of Tangail Forest Division. Table 1 shows Upazila wise distribution of forest lands in Tangail District.

 

    Table 1: Distribution of forest lands in Tangail District

   

District	Upazila	Atia reserve Forest(acre)	Proposed reserve Forest land ,notified in section 4 and 6	Total forest land(acre)
Tangail	Madhupur	2,526.14	43,039.04	45,565.18
	Ghatail	7,251.01	14,607.46	21,855.47
	Kalihati	191.02	468.27	659.29
	Shokhipu	38,232.28	8,988.32	47,220.60
	Mirjapur	7,275.93	300.43	7,576.36
Total		55,476.38	67,400.52	1,22,876.90

Source:Patwary,2005

  

Location:

Madhupur forest is situated in Madhupur Upazila of Tangail district. It is demarcated by Banar river in Mymensingh and Banshai river in Tangail and located 80 kilometers north-east of Dhaka . Madhupur forest bounded by Jamalpur district in north-west , Madhupur and Gopalgonj Upazila in south  and in east  Muktagacha and Fulbaria Upazilla of Mymensingh .

Area:

Madhupur forest is covered an area of 44292.40 acres of forest situated in four ranges namely Madhupur, Aronkhola, Dokhola and Madhupur National Park Sadar.

Table :

  

Serial no	Range name	Reserve Forest area	Proposed Reserve forest,notified under sections 4and 6	Total forest land(acre)
1	Madhupur	2,165.05	3,730.24	5,895.29
2	Aronkhola	-	4,820.17	4,820.17
3	Dokhola	-	18,503.60	18,503.60
4	Madhupur National Park	-	15,073.34	15,073.34
	Total	2,165.05	42,127.35	44,292.40

Source: Patwary,2005

From the immemorial, the most part of the mentioned forest land are encroached by the local tribal people of these area . For this reason the forest land started to become more degraded day by day .  And highly beneficial banana plantation is one of  common factor of degradation of forest . In  this circumstance, from 1987-88 to 1994-95 by involving the

local landless farmers,distress women and encroachers near about 4460.19 acre of forest land , woodlot and agroforestry was established according to rules of social forestry project under the  Upazila  afforestation  and Nursery afforestation Project .

Physical Features:

Geology:

Madhupur occupies the central part of the Ganges-Brahmaputra Megna delta . In the sub surface , this area  falls in the hinge zone lying between the Indian platform to the north-west and the Bengal fore deep to the south-east It lies in the transition zone Acording to morgan and Mclntire , Bangladesh consists primarily of a larger alluvial basin flooded quaternary sediments deposited by the Padma and Brahmaputra rivers and their numerous associated Streams and dristributaries. The quaternary  geology of the Bengal basin can be sub-divided in to four distinct geologic formations.

Ø      Tertiary and older high lands

Ø      Pleistocene terrace(far bekow the sub surface)

Ø      Early recent Tippera surface old  

Ø      Recent floodplain of the two major Pleistocene terraces viz. Barind and Madhupur.

Therefore, Madhupur tract consists of Pleistocene terraces and recent alluvial floodplain. However , as Madhupur tract occurs above the level of present floodplain; it indicates that there has been a differential movement between  Pleistocene and recent floodplain is considerable. But along the eastern and southern sides of the Madhupur tract, Pleistocene slopes gradually between the overlapping recent sediments.

Topography and Land Form:

The Madhupur garh  forms a slightly elevated tract with maximum height of abut 18 m (60feet) from the surrounding plain .The flat ridges of the forest run north to south forming irregular mass of high lands with gentle slopes .These high lands or “chalas” are intercepted by depressions in the form of long and narrow valleys or “baid”s. These baid lands are cultivated with paddy .Unfortuately, many chala lands had been cleared earlier by local inhabitants and utilized homestead and gardens for banana jute and vegetables .

Soil:

The soil is yellowish-red , sandy clay mixed with scattered manganiferous iron –ore known as Bhawal kanker . The soil is compact and hard when dry but melts with the rainfall and becomes soft and tenacious . The porosity is relativity poor ,leaves fallen during the winter season ,and decomposes during rainy season to produce a thick and fertile layer of compost on soil.  

Water and River System :

The Banar river on the east and the Bangshai river on the west are the main rivers around the forest. These  river run  north to  south  and have many  tributary creeks that drain the  forest to  the  Banar  river  and  to  Bangshai   river.These two  main rivers are used in transporting forest products particularly during  the monsoon season. These rivers are potential sources of water  for irrigation and household uses.

The ground water level inside and around the forest area rises to about 6ft (2m) below the ground surface during the rainy season and in some places it rises to ground level. During the  hot  period  it  sinks  down  to 50-60ft (15-18m) below the  ground  surface. The Bangladesh  Water Development Board (1997) reported that the region is under laden by a single aquifer composed of  lenticular granular materials. Intercalated clay beds occur which resist flow horizontally or vertically in some localities. The relatively impermeable surface deposits of silt clay confine the aquifer where they occur.

The domestic water in Madhupur forest area comes from groundwater via tube wells. Groundwater extracted by electric water pumps , deposited in elevated concrete water tanks and dritributed to strategic areas of the forest via pipelines.            

Physiographic Process (Erosion and Siltration):

Erosion of river banks is mainly occurring in the National Park area, particularly on the road embankment and on the banks of man made lakes and canals. These bare areas shall be planted to trees , shrubs and even grasses to  arrest  soil erosion.  Siltation  along the edges of the lakes has been occurring due to erosion on the embankments .Once the embankments are established with vegetation , Siltation shall be arrested.

Climate:

Tangail , as like The rest of Bangladesh enjoys the monsoon type of climate of Indian Subcontinent. This climate is characterized by the seasonal reversal of the wind to a comparatively dry and mild winter ,and hot and wet summer. There are four distinctively identifiable season in a year despite the traditional  six seasons of the Bengali calendar .

Those are :

A.     The Winter Season;December to February

B.     The unsettled period of pre Summer Monsoon: March to May

C.     The Summer  Monsoon : June to September

D.     The retreating Monsoon : October to November

Temperature:

The temperature continues to be uniform from early March to early October, the range being  only 5ºF , or so only. The average maximum temperature ranges in between 95ºF in April to 87ºF in October. The average minimum temperature of Tangail as a whole is 54º F in January and the average annual temperature for the district is 78ºF.

Table :Averages temperature data in the Madhupur  Forest area

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	July	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Temp (degree)	23.8	18.9	27.55	28.25	28.56	28.57	28.84	28.83	29.52	27.03	23.7	20.25

Source: Irrigation  and Water Development Department , Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh

Rainfall:

Rainfall in Tangail is not evently  distributed  Throughout the year. At  least 80% of the rainfall occurs during       June  to Octover (rainy season). The rest of the rainfall occurs mostly during March to May due to Northwester “Kal-Baisakhy” disturbance. The rainfall pattern of Madhupur forest area is shown  in the table

Table : Rainfall data in Madhupur forest

Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	July	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
Rainfall (mm)	0.00	2.00	15.40	42.40	168.90	233.80	261.70	362.10	215.20	290.80	-	-

Source: Irrigation  and Water Development Department , Bangladesh Agricultural University,Mymensingh

Relative Humidity:

Relative humidity is the amount of moisture in the atmosphere at any given time which affects atmosphere temperature, could and formation and sunlight intensity. Humidity in the forest area may be classified into three categories and can be associated with the three climatic seasons. Low relative humidity occurs during the spring season and ranges from 22.8%(average minimum) to 97.4% (average maximum). Monthly relatively humidity during this season can go as low as 13% in the month of March to as high as 98% in any month of the season (Table ). Medium relative humidity is experienced during the winter season and ranges from 28.4%(average minimum)to 97.8%(average maximum).

Monthly relative humidity during this season can go as low as 23%  in the month of January and November  and go as high as 100% in any season and ranges from 46.6% (average minimum)to 99.2% (average maximum). Monthly relative humidity during this season can go as low as 41% in the month of May and as high as 100%  in any of the months of the season . A more comprehensive profile of the profile of the relative humidity in the area is shown in appendices

Table: Monthly Relative Humidity (%) in Madhupur forest area (1990 -94)

Month	Average (minimum)	Average(maximum)	Average monthly	Extreme low /high
January	34.0	97.8	77	23/100
February	28.4	97.2	74	24/100
March	22.8	97.2	71	13/98
April	25.6	97.4	76	22/98
May	52.0	97.0	83	41/100
June	60.4	98.4	87	52/100
July	62.0	99.0	87	60/100
August	62.4	98.6	86	60/100
September	58.6	99.2	87	52/100
October	46.4	98.8	84	46/100
November	34.8	97.4	79	23/98
December	30.2	97.2	77	26/98
Annual	43.1	97.7	81	36.8/99.3

Source: Bangladesh meteorological Department , Climate Division . Mymensingh  Station (latitude 24º43׳N and longitude 90º26׳E)

Sunshine :

Sunshine is a big factor in plant growth and development together with the ground moisture through a process known as photosynthesis. Sunshine also generates the heat on the earth surface that is necessary for physical processes in all living organisms. It is also a factor to consider in determining outdoor recreation and ecotourism season in the forest area. In the area, sunshine duration, in terms of daily duration and frequency, is associated with the climatic seasons. Very sunny period is experienced  during the winter season and ranges from 21.6to 30.6 sunny days per month with average daily duration of 6.1 to 7.2 hours. Sunny period occurs during the spring season and ranges from 26.2 to 28.6 sunny days per month with average daily duration of 6.7 to 7.0 hours. Less sunny or cloudy period happens during  the monsoon period and ranges from 13.8-25.6 sunny days per month with average daily duration of 3.9-6.1 hours (Table )

Table:  Monthly Sunshine Data in the Madhupur Forest (1990-90)

Month	Average no. of sunny days	Average no. of sunny hours
January	29.6	6.1
February	21.6	6.9
March	28.6	6.7
April	26.2	7.0
May	21.0	5.1
June	13.8	3.9
July	15.0	3.8
August	18.0	4.9
September	14.6	4.0
October	25.6	6.1
November	28.6	7.2
December	30.6	6.9
Annual	273.2	5.8

Source:Bangladesh meteorological Department , Climate Division . Mymensingh  Station (latitude 24º43׳N and longitude 90º26׳E)

Winds, Storms and Cyclones:

Wind is an important climatic factor in terms of aiding ecologic and physiographic processes in the forest particularly in natural seed or fruit dispersal for natural regeneration in the area. But wind when it is strong becomes very destructive and destroys infrastructures and hampers out door recreational activities in the forest. Usually,  average velocity of wind blowing from North-West and  North-East is 7.93 km per hour ( Irrigation  and Water Development Department , Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh).

The Bangladesh Meteorological Department (1996 ) reported that from October to the middle of March , The prevailing winds are from south. Northwesters(Kalobaishakhi) are quite common from March to May and do considerable damage to sal seeds and vegetation. Based on record of storm frequency that affected Bangladesh from 1978-1996 supplied by the Bangladesh Meteorological Department ,Storm Warming Center ,Dhaka,

There has been no severs storms that affected the Madhupur forest.

Present Status of Madhupur forest

Legal status:

When the forest came under state ownership in 1950, it was decided by the government to constitute them in to Reserved Forest (RF) so that the previous of the forest acts, rules and regulations become applicable on the land and resources, and legal counter measures become possible and effective. To this end preliminary notification under section 4 of the forest act 1927 was published by the government as back as in 1955 appointing the deputy commissioner of the district as the Forest Settlement Officer (FSO). The settlement operations done earnestly ought to have been completed in a period of 1-2 years. But about 5 decades have elapsed since publication of the notification  of  intent to constitute RF, till to date the settlement operation have not been completed by the FSO. While irregular settlements made by the ex landlords remained un resolved and complicated preceding four decades, fresh irregular settlements have added further complications in the land tenure issue.

Of the total area 44292.40 acres of forest, only 2165.05 acres are RF. The balance areas still enjoy the status of acquired forest, and the forest acts, rules and regulations are not fully applicable on them. Consequently, the control measures are slack, the areas are vulnerable to encroachment and loss of lands. These legal complications have created  tenurial complexities in the area resulting in the huge number of curt cases, both criminal and civil, by and against the forest Department .

Resource Status:

The existing forests are the leftovers of a once well stocked high forest but degenerative because of repeated and indiscriminate felling. Such illegal felling activities are continuing even now despite all efforts by FD to control them. The forest is highly irregular and abnormal in its stocking character. The age classes are unevenly distributed and intermixed. A recent estimate revealed that about 65 percent of the forest area is highly degraded or has been encroached (Ghani et al,1990)

In the early 1950s and 1960s Sal plantation were established over substantial area but in course of years, most of these plantation are damaged badly. Fresh attempts were made in the 70s to raise plantation of moderately fast growing indigenous species in the recovered encroached lands, but most of these plantations could not survive due to hostile actions of the affected people.

Though moratorium on felling is in force in the Sal forest tract for over two decades (1972) and attempts at rehabilitation of the forests through natural regeneration in existing forests and artificial plantation in the blanks and encroached areas are pursued for about four decades, the forests did not register improvement. To the contrary unauthorized felling continued and the stock is progressively depleted through removals of mostly bigger and quality trees on a regular basis.

The Sal forest in Madhupur region is severely  damaged due to massive encroachment by both the Bengali and Etnic people. The encroachment scenario of Sal forest at Madhupur is presented in table *              

                                     Table: Encroachment Data

      

S.N	Range	Total land (acre)	Encroached Land (acre)	Rubber Plantation (acre)	Land under control of FD (acre)	No of Encroacher
						Bengali	Ethnic	Total
1	National park Sadar
2	Dokhola	18484.14	10570.44	5168.68	7913.7	2298	1094	3392
3	Madhupur	5895.29	3427.37		2165.05
4	Aronkhola	4,820.17	118	3902.17	800.17	130	21	151

Source: Encroachment register, respective range office.

*Information not available

**not included in present total land of range

Lately, people’s participation  has been sought in the preceding five years(since 1989) for rehabilitation of the blanks and encroached areas under Thana Afforestation and Nursery Development Project (TANDP) and Forestry Sector and Project (FSP). Some 1666.55 acres of agroforestry  and  woodlot plantation have been raised. These new plantations, established with high grade survivality and growth quality continued to be in good shape and sustainable till the present time. With further refinement of both technical and social involvement mechanisms,the participatory forestry programme may finally  workout to be a sustainable forestry development in this human interfered Sal Forest tract, and for that matter in all other similar situations. Presently participatory forestry development programme is confind to the blank/denuded areas only; the natural stands are kept  outside  the preview of this programme. And it is here that depletion  of the forests is continuing on a regular basis. Participatory management programme also needs to be extended to such degraded natural stands, if worthwhile  protection and drsired forest  recovery is to be achived on a sustainable basis.

Transportation and Communication Systems:

The transport system in the region is quite efficient. It is comprised of air railway road and water transport. People traveling to Dhaka may take the airplane, train, boat or any land transport vehicle. More specifically, people traveling from Dhaka may take the airplane to Rajshahi and Sadipur in the northwest section of the country, to Sylhet in the northeast section, to Chittagong and Cox’s Bazar in the south east section, and to Barisal  and Jessore in the south wast  section. Boat (launch and steamer) service from Dhaka extends up to Barisal, Faridpur, Khulna, Patuakhali, Sandip and Barguna. Direct train services from Dhaka goes up to Mamensingh, Jamalpur, and Sylhetin in the north and down to Comilla, Feni, Noakhali and Chittagong in the south; and indirect  service   extends up to the western regions of the country via ferry-transfer service at Jagannath Ganj Ghat across Jumuna river. Similarly land transport service from Dhaka City directly goes to  all point of Dhaka region and to all the key points in the Southern Region such as Comilla, Feni, Noakhali and Chittagong, Coxe’s Bazar and Teknaf and their vicinities. And, also land transport service from Dhoka City indirectly extends up to Rajshahi Region via ferry-transport service at Aricha-Nagarbari across Jomuna river, to the Khulna region via ferry-transport service at Aricha-Dauladgang across Padma river, and to Sylhet region via ferry-transfer service at Bhirab across Meghna river or by taking circuitous but direct route via Dhaka-Comilla-Sylhet high way. However, and fortunately, after the construction of the Jamuna multipurpose bridge in the Tangail district which is expected to be completed in 1998 or thereafter, land and railway transport services shall be available direct to the Rajshahi Region in Northway Bangladesh.

Situated along the Tangail-Mymening highway, transportation system to and with in the Madhupur forest is by land. This makes the forest very accessible to visitors through out the year.

Local and Regional Communication System

  

Dhaka is the center of  all communication Systems in the country. These national systems area comprised of postal, special courier, telephone, radio and electronic machine (Facimile/Fax).

Lately Dhaka is already linked internationally via satellite through the INTERNET. Surface mails to and from and within the region are handled by the Govt. Postal service and some special private couriers. Cable and wireless facilities (e.g., Telephone, cellphone and two-way radio) and electronic machine are already available. Only about 150km away from Dhaka city and 60km away from Tangail and 45km from Mymensing, the Madhupur forest administration can be equipped with telephone and the wireless communication facilities.

Social and Economic Condition:

There are about 30000 people dwelling around the Madhupur forest area .Most of them are encroachers. The people are highly dependent on the forest and forest product. But due to the heavy encroachment The  Forest Department initiates participatory approach. 

Number of participants:

The numbers of participants are discussed range wise. The Dokhola range contains the highest participants which is 45.26% of the participants.

Table: Number of participants

SN	Name Of Range	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants                  (%)
1	Madhupur	81	15
2	Aronkhola	166	30.74
3	National Park	35	9
4	Dokhola	258	45.26

Source: Plantation Journal of respective Range

Age Class

The age class of 30-40 dominant in the Aronkhola and Dokhola Range having 39.16% and 66.27% respectively. But in Madhupur and National Park Range The dominant age class is 40-50, having 39.50% and 34.28% respectively.    

Table: Age Group Of Madhupur Range

SN	Age Class	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants                  (%)
1	20-30	12	14.81
2	30-40	14	17.28
3	40-50	32	39.51
4	50-60	10	12.35
5	60-60+	13	16.05

Source: Plantation Journal of  Madhupur Range.

Table: Age Group Of Aronkhola Range.

SN	Age Class	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants                  (%)
1	20-30	28	16.87
2	30-40	65	39.16
3	40-50	43	25.90
4	50-60	18	10.84
5	60-60+	12	07.23

Source: Plantation Journal of  Aronkhola Range

Table: Age Group Of National Park Range.

SN	Age Class	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants                  (%)
1	20-30	6	17.14
2	30-40	9	25.71
3	40-50	12	34.29
4	50-60	7	20.00
5	60-60+	1	2.88

Source: Plantation Journal of National Park Range.

Table: Age Group of Dokhola Range

SN	Age  Class	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants                  (%)
1	20-30	34	13.18
2	30-40	122	47.29
3	40-50	85	32.59
4	50-60	15	05.81
5	60-60+	2	00.78

Source: Plantation Journal of  Dokhola Range

Education:

The literacy rate among the participants is highest in Dokhola range having 63.17% where as the lowest is in Aronkhola range  having 34.33%. On the other hand the literacy rate in Madhupur range is 59.79% and in the National park range is 51.42%.

Table: Educational Status of Different Ranges

SN	Name of Range	Number of  Literate Participants	Percentage of Literate Participants	Number of  Illiterate Participants	Percentage of Illiterate Participants
1	Madhupur	46	56.79	035	43.21
2	Aronkhola	57	34.33	109	65.67
3	National Park	18	51.42	017	48.48
4	Dokhola	163	63.17	095	36.63
5	Total	284		256

Source: Plantation Journal of  Respective ranges

The male participants have higher literacy rate (55.28) than the women participants(25%)

Table: Literacy Rate Among Male And Female

SN	Range	Male		Female
1		Literate  %	Illiterate  %	Literate   %	Illiterate  %
2	Madhupur Range	57.79	43.21	00	00
3	Aronkhola Range	33.33	66.66	57.14	42.86
4	National Park Range	56.25	43.75	00	100
5	Dokhola Range	70.45	29.55	21.05	78.95

Source: Plantation Journal of Respective ranges

Table: Level of Education of selected participants

SN	Level of Education	Number of Participants	Percentage Of Participants
1	Primary	35	53.03
2	Secondary	25	37.98
3	Higher	6	09.09

Source: from Survey

Table: Gender Difference of the participants of different ranges

SN	Range	Number of Male Participants	Percentage of Male Participants	Number of  Female   Participants	Percentag  of female  Participants
1	Madhupur Range	81	100	00	00
2	Aronkhola Range	158	95.18	08	4.28
3	National Park Range	32	91.43	03	08.28
4	Dokhola Range	220	85.27	38	14.73
5	Total	491		49

Source: Plantation Journal of Respective ranges

Table: Marital Status among the participants of different ranges

SN	Range	Married	Widow	Divorced	Unmarried
1	Madhupur Range	56(69.14%)	3(3.70%)	9(11.11%)	13(16.05%)
2	Aronkhola Range	152(91.59%)	2(1.2%)	1(0.06%)	11(6.65%)
3	National Park Range	33(94.29%)	0(0%)	0(0%)	2(5.71%)
4	Dokhola Range	230(89.15%)	1(0.39%)	0(0%)	27(10.47%)
5	Total	471(87.22%)	6(1.11%)	10(1.82%)	53(9.81%)

Source: Plantation Journal of  Respective ranges

Table: Occupation of participants

SN	Range	Landless	Agriculture	Self-employee	Others
1	Madhupur Range	28(34.57%)	24(29.65%)	2(2.47%)	27(33.33%)
2	Aronkhola Range	3(1018%)	135(81.33%)	2(1.2%)	26(15.66%)
3	National Park Range	4(11.43%)	30(85.71%)	0(0%)	1(2.86%)
4	Dokhola Range	62(24.03%)	182(70.54%)	3(1.16%)	11(4.26%)
5	Total	97(17.96%)	371(68.70%)	7(1.29%)	65(12.03%)

Source: Plantation Journal of  Respective ranges

Table: Primary and  Secondary occupation of the sample participants  

SN	Primary Occupation		Secondary Occupation
	Type of Occupation	Number Engaged	Type of Occupation	Number Engaged
1	Agriculture	40(66.67%)	Agriculture	20(30.30%)
2	Service	5(8.33%)	Business	30(45.45%)
3	Business	10(16.67%)	FBSSE	1(1.52%)
4	Day labor	1(1.67%)	Day labor	15(22.73%)
5	Driver	1(1.67%)
6	Others	3(5%)
7	Total	60(90.90%)		6(9010%)

Source: from Survey

Table: Participants of different classes (Range wise)

                                      

SN	Range	Bengali	Ethnic
1	Madhupur Range	80(98.77%)	1(1.23%)
2	Aronkhola Range	159(95.78%)	7(4.22%)
3	National Park Range	35(100%)	0(0%)
4	Dokhola Range	242(93.8%)	16(6.20%)
5	Total	516(95.55%)	24(4.44%)

Source: Plantation Journal of  Respective ranges

Housing Pattern(%)
Building	Mud+tin	Half Building	Tin Shed	Sun Grass Mud on Bamboo
2	30	4	18	6
3.33	50	6.67	30	10

Housing pattern of respondent

Housing Pattern	responded	Housing Pattern(%)
Building	2	3.33
Mud+tin	30	50
Half Building	4	6.67
Tin Shed	18	30
Sun Grass Mud on Bamboo	6	10

Source: from Survey